PHGGは1990年代前半より、様々な研究者より生理機能が見出されてきた。PHGGの腸内細菌に対する作用は、1994年にOkubo et al. 9)が、ヒトがPHGGを摂取した時に糞便中の善玉菌であるBifidobacterium spp.の割合が増加することを培養法により明らかにしている報告が最初である。PHGGの短鎖脂肪酸産生促進効果については、Velázquez et al.10)とAnne et al.11)は、他の食物繊維と比較して短鎖脂肪酸、特に酪酸の産生が高いことを明らかにしている。その後、分子生物学的手法により、PHGGを資化する腸内細菌、特に酪酸を産生する酪酸生成菌をターゲットとした解析がなされている。Ohashi et al.12)は、PHGGを摂取させたヒトの糞便からDNAを抽出し、腸内細菌の変動をリアルタイムPCR法により検索し、Clostridium coccoides、Bifidobacterium、Butyryl-CoA CoA-transferase gene、Roseburia/Eubacterium rectale group、Eubacterium halli、Butyrate-producing bacteria SS2/1が増加することを明らかにした (表1)。E. halli、unnamed butyrate-producing bacteria SS2/1は乳酸を原料とする経路で酪酸を産生するが、それ以外の細菌は乳酸を介さずにPHGGを直接資化して酪酸を産生する。このため、PHGGは乳酸発酵を行う乳酸菌やビフィズス菌の保持が少ない人でも酪酸産生が効率的に行われることとなり、管腔内で酪酸が産生されやすいといえる。
表1 グアーガム分解物摂取による腸内細菌の変動
細菌
摂取前
摂取2週間
摂取後2週間
Clostridium coccoides group
12.4 ± 0.1a
12.6 ± 0.1b
12.7 ± 0.1b
Clostridium leptum subgroup
12.6 ± 0.2a
12.8 ± 0.1a
12.8 ± 0.2a
Clostridium cluster I
9.9 ± 0.2a
10.0 ± 0.1a
10.0 ± 0.1a
Clostridium cluster XI
9.0 ± 0.2a
9.3 ± 0.1a
9.0 ± 0.2a
Bacteroides fragilis group
12.6 ± 0.1a
12.6 ± 0.1a
13.0 ± 0.2a
Atopobium cluster
9.0 ± 0.2a
9.1 ± 0.3a
8.8 ± 0.2a
Prevotella
9.6 ± 0.4a
9.6 ± 0.4a
9.3 ± 0.5a
Enterococcus
8.5 ± 0.3a
8.5 ± 0.3a
8.1 ± 0.3a
Lactobacliius group
8.0 ± 0.4a
8.3 ± 0.4a
7.6 ± 0.3a
Bifidobacterium
11.0 ± 0.2a
11.7 ± 0.2b
11.3 ± 0.2c
Butyryl-CoA CoA-transferase gene
11.8 ± 0.2a
12.3 ± 0.2b
12.5 ± 0.3b
Roseburia/Eubacterium rectale group
10.2 ± 0.2a
10.6 ± 0.1b
10.6 ± 0.4a
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
11.7 ± 0.2a
12.0 ± 0.1a
12.0 ± 0.2a
Eubacterium hallii
9.9 ± 0.1a
10.3 ± 0.1b
10.4 ± 0.2b
Butyrate-producing bacterium strain SS2/1
9.0 ± 0.4a
9.4 ± 0.4b
9.7 ± 0.5b
数値は糞便1g中の遺伝子のコピー数の常用対数値であり、平均値±標準誤差で示した。
異なる上付き文字は統計的に有意差を認めた (a, b, c: p< 0.05)
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